The following discussion is based on the framework of Campbell and Stanley, [1] in that specific threats to establishing a cause-and-effect relationship (i.e., internal validity) are associated with ...

It is difficult for the non-expert to evaluate a piece of research. Often, such appraisals are based on misleading heuristics, such as catchy titles, endorsements by well-known figures, or wishful ...

“Statistical conclusion validity,” in part, concerns the question of whether the observed relationship is statistically significant, that is, whether or not the data provide a basis for rejecting the ...

The three-step process shown in Table 2 can be used to assess the validity of a study's findings and determine if they are relevant to readers' practices. The first step in establishing validity is to ...